Sundarbans Threatened by Excessive Salinity

Dhaka, Bangladesh || Saturday, 18 October 2025 || 2 Kartik 1432

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Sundarbans Threatened by Excessive Salinity

Md Shafi Ullah

Published : Thursday, 1 August, 2024 at 4:39 PM, Count : 714

Sundarbans Threatened by Excessive Salinity

The Sundarbans, the world’s largest mangrove forest shared by Bangladesh and India, is facing a growing threat from excessive salinity. This UNESCO World Heritage site, critical for biodiversity and local livelihoods, is increasingly affected by rising salt levels due to climate change, reduced freshwater flow, and human interventions.

One of the main reasons for this salinity surge is the reduced freshwater discharge from the upstream Ganges river system. The construction of dams and barrages, particularly the Farakka Barrage in India, has significantly decreased the flow of freshwater into the Sundarbans. As a result, the intrusion of saline water from the Bay of Bengal into the forest's rivers and canals has increased.

Climate change exacerbates the problem. Rising sea levels, driven by global warming, have intensified saline water intrusion deep into the forest. Frequent cyclones like Sidr, Aila, Amphan, and Yaas have damaged the natural embankments and allowed more saline water to flood the region. These disasters wash away the soil’s nutrients, leaving behind a salty, barren landscape unsuitable for many plant species.

The impact of salinity is already evident in the ecosystem. Several freshwater-dependent plants like Sundari trees, from which the forest derives its name, are dying off due to salt stress. The health of these iconic trees is declining, leading to a phenomenon known as "top-dying disease." This loss affects the entire food chain, threatening wildlife species such as the Bengal tiger, deer, and numerous fish species that depend on the mangrove habitat.

Additionally, local communities who rely on the Sundarbans for fishing, honey collection, and wood are struggling. Salinity affects fish breeding grounds, reducing fish populations and impacting the livelihoods of thousands of families.

Experts warn that if excessive salinity is not controlled, the Sundarbans could lose its ecological balance, leading to irreversible damage. They urge cross-border cooperation between Bangladesh and India to ensure adequate freshwater flow, restoration of damaged areas, and sustainable management practices.

In conclusion, the Sundarbans is on the frontline of climate change-induced salinity intrusion. Protecting this vital forest requires urgent, coordinated efforts to safeguard its unique biodiversity, protect local livelihoods, and preserve a natural shield against coastal disasters.

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